A Health and Safety Guide for Handling Farm Animals and Poultry

Acknowledgements
• The Farm and Ranch Safety and Health Association (FARSHA)
of British Columbia for granting its permission to adapt and
reproduce this resource for distribution in Manitoba
• The Canadian Agricultural Injury Surveillance Program
• Food Protection Services, British Columbia Centre for
Disease Control
Based on this knowledge, this booklet reflects what we know about
the causes and types of work-related injuries and illnesses.
Reproduction of material in this booklet requires permission.
Contact:
Provincial Farm Safety Coordinator
801-401 York
Winnipeg, MB R3C 0P8
1-800-282-8069 ext.2315
e-mail: Safefarms@gov.mb.ca

INTRODUCTION
The Canadian Agricultural Injury Surveillance Program (CAISP)
provides important information on farm-related injury, illness and
death. It collects data from hospitals, coroners’ offices and other
sources concerning deaths and hospitalizations involving farm work.
Between 1990 and 2000, there were 58 animal-related deaths on
farms across Canada:
• Six involved children under 15 years old
• 33 involved people aged 60 or more
• 19 involved people aged 15 to 59
CAISP noted:
• 38 per cent of the deaths were caused by horses by
unprovoked kicks
• 33 per cent were caused by bulls
• 20 per cent were caused by cows
Between 1990 and 2000, nearly 8,000 animal-related injuries were
recorded CAISP notes:
• 92 per cent of the injuries were caused by cows and horses.
• Cattle injuries were most frequent in March, April, and May
and were associated with calving or cows that had recently
calved.
• Cattle-related injuries also increased in late fall and were
most likely associated to transportation.
This guide addresses safety issues, such as avoiding being struck,
trampled, or pinned by an animal. It also addresses the key health
issues associated with animal handling.
It is intended for operators of mixed farms, or those who raise small
numbers of:
.. poultry
.. hogs
.. cattle (milk or beef)
.. bison
.. sheep
.. goats
.. horses
.. llamas or alpacas
.. ostriches or emus
Information is included on working with hazardous materials such as
feeding or bedding livestock.
Basic animal behaviour is included because understanding how
animals react and behave is key to ensuring the safety of farm
workers and the animals.
This information should be included when farm operators discuss:
• health and safety issues with family members
• new workers or helpers on the farm
• plan improvements to buildings or other structures
• buy new animals, equipment or machinery
Note that not all health and safety issues are covered here. For more
information on topics such as hazardous materials, safe equipment
operation, emergency response, or responsibilities under Manitoba’s
workplace safety and health laws, see the resource list at the end of
this guide.
Other valuable sources of information include your local veterinarian,
feed supply store staff, local commodity specialists and animal safety
sources on the Internet.
UNDERSTANDING BASIC ANIMAL
BEHAVIOUR
“The best way to avoid livestock injuries is to understand animal
behavior.” Jennifer Woods, B.Sc. Animal Science Livestock
Handling Consultant from Alberta.
Many behaviours are common to all farm animals, regardless of
species.
.. No two animals are exactly the same even the same gender and
species. Animals react to things differently.
.. Many animal reactions are predictable, and a skilled handler can
anticipate them and work with them. However, animals can be
unpredictable at times.
.. Unusual circumstances can provoke unusual reactions in animals.
An animal that is normally calm and slow at home may be
agitated in a new environment, or when surrounded by new
people or animals.
.. Animals fear fire, and may react to smoke in the air before it’s
apparent to humans.
.. Animals can remember incidents and people -- good and bad.
These recollections will be especially strong if they were negative,
stressful, or frightening.
.. Animals that have been poorly handled, with roughness, cruelty,
or impatience, will recall these events. They are likely to react
when handled by the same person, or in a similar manner. They
may even react when handled by someone who simply resembles
an earlier rough handler.
.. Routine is comfortable and reassuring to animals. They behave
best when familiar with feeding, movement and handling patterns.
Change is disturbing and should be introduced gradually, calmly,
and at a pace animals can adjust to.
.. Excitement and agitation are contagious among animals. One
agitated animal can often affect the whole group.
.. All animals are territorial, to varying degrees. You should expect
they will react protectively when feeding, mating or protecting
their offspring.
.. Animals in the wild compete with one another for breeding
opportunities. Even domesticated farm animals can be strongly
aggressive towards people or animals that seem to be disturbing
them during mating.
.. All farm animals are descended from prey species, and their
behaviour is rooted in the instinct for survival. Domesticated
animals remain alert to what they perceive as danger. Their flightor-
fight response will be activated by stressful, unfamiliar or
startling situations.
.. Unrestrained animals usually begin to react to a perceived threat
by trying to move away from the threat. Their flight is part of their
instinctive response. If they feel that flight is not an option, they
will strike out (the fight response).
.. Each animal species is very aware of its own natural defences --
weight, strength, teeth, sharp hooves, claws, spurs, horns, tusks,
antlers, etc. Animals will use their natural defences when they feel
threatened. Depending on the species, they can head-butt, paw,
kick, claw, peck, bite or gore.
Some behaviourals are common to certain types of animals.
.. Herd animals (cows, horses, sheep, goats) have a strong instinct to
move as a group. They become uncomfortable or even agitated
when separated from others in the herd.
.. Animals in groups develop hierarchies and will usually follow a
leader. An animal that loses visual contact with the leader will try
to return to that position of comfort and security.
.. Some farm animals are descended from species that were preyed
upon by canines (wolves, foxes, coyotes). These animals may
instinctively become agitated around unfamiliar dogs.
.. Poultry can be very territorial, especially when they are protecting
young. Birds in a flock relate to each other through a pecking
order of dominance. This can affect a human handler who may
become ill, lose footing, fall or is injured in the enclosure. The
birds may turn on as a group on that person. This behaviour can
also be directed at children.
.. Ostriches and emus are not domestic and their behaviour is much
more wild than domesticated birds. Their reaction to perceived
threats can be swift and very powerful.
Most animals have limited short-term memory. To address this,
remember when you have been working around an animal’s head, and
then need to move to its hindquarters, keep a hand on it to remind it
that you’re there. If you neglect to do this, you risk a kick if the
animal feels startled by your touch on a new part of its body.
ANIMALS’ SENSES
To understand an animal’s reaction, always consider the situation
from the animal’s perspective rather than your own.
Strain to hear what it may be hearing. Is there thunder in the distance,
or is something rustling strangely? Look around and imagine the view
as it appears to your animal. Is it seeing a moving shadow, a glaring
light or something flapping? Watch as it sniffs the air. Could it have
picked up an unfamiliar or frightening scent?
Farm animals have the same senses as humans – smell, touch, taste,
hearing, sight – but often in very different proportions from our
own. Almost all animals have a much better sense of smell than
humans. A horse, for instance, may surprise you with its reaction if it
picks up the scent of a bear or cougar.
EYE POSITION
The position of our eyes gives us good depth perception and distance
vision, but limits peripheral vision. Most animals have a very broad
peripheral vision because their eyes are on the sides of the head.
Cattle, for example, are able to see almost 360 degrees with just a
small turn of the head. Most animals have very poor depth perception
and do not focus well on objects directly in front of their heads.
• Horses and cattle must move their heads down to closely examine
objects on the ground.
• Livestock may hesitate at the edge of water, simply because they
have no way of knowing the depth of what they’re stepping into.
• Animals also tend to move from poorly-lit to lighter areas, but do
not react well to bright glaring light. Animals that have been in
shade or indoors may balk at moving into areas of very bright
contrasting light, until their vision has adjusted to it.
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR CANWORK IN YOUR FAVOUR
Instead of setting yourself up in opposition to an animal, trying to
make it move in one direction or another, use your understanding of
animal behaviour to encourage its natural desire to go where you want
it to.
Key to this approach is an understanding of the flight zone, and the
point of balance. These are the best tools for moving any animal.
The Flight Zone
Each animal has a personal space around it, called the flight zone.
How and where you step into it affects an animal’s movement. If you
come too close to an animal, you enter its flight zone. It will usually
try to move away, to re-establish the security of its personal space.
The flight zone may be narrow in animals that usually have close
contact with people, but can be very wide for range animals.
Depending on the surroundings and situation, the size of an animal’s
flight zone will change. A calm animal has a much smaller flight zone
than one that is fearful, stressed or agitated.
The Point of Balance
A direct head-on approach into the flight zone will cause an animal to
move in the opposite direction, away from you. The point of balance
is right at the animal’s shoulder. Standing in front of the point of
balance will cause the animal to balk or move backwards. Standing at
or just behind the point of balance will encourage the animal to move
forward.
This is an overhead diagram of a cow. The flight zone is the outer
circle around it. The shaded area directly behind the cow is the blind
spot, where the animal cannot see anything without swinging its head
around. If you stand just outside the animal’s flight zone, behind its
shoulder (but not in the blind spot), the animal will not feel the need
to move (point A in the diagram). If you step closer, into the flight
zone (point B in the diagram), the animal will begin to move forward.
This diagram was designed by Dr. Temple Grandin, animal sciences
professor at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, and
the foremost authority on the behaviour of stock animals. (See
www.grandin.com for more information on Dr. Grandin.)
IDENTIFYING SIGNS OF ANIMAL DISTRESS
Animals show their fear, distress or alarm through their behaviour,
which handlers can learn to read. Some are common and some are
unique to species. Common signs of distress include:
.. avoidance of contact with others in the herd or group, or
disinterest in surroundings
.. rubbing or pressing forehead on solid surface
.. erratic movement, staggering, moving in pointless circles,
shuddering, shivering
.. excessive or repetitive vocalizing
Some behaviour is a sign of aggression, and should be used as
warning of a possible attack:
.. pinned or raised ears
.. rapid tail movements, flicking, repetitive swinging
.. hackle hairs raised on the back of the neck
.. pawing
.. snorting
.. feigned charging movements
10 SAFE ANIMAL HANDLING BASICS
“The three most common mistakes made by handlers are rough
handling, excessive prodding and overcrowding.” Dr. Temple
Grandin
“Do not prod animals if they have nowhere to go.” Jennifer
Woods, B.Sc. Animal Science
“Do not work animals when you are in a hurry; patience,
patience, patience.” Dr. Wayne Tomlinson, MAFRI
UNDERSTAND THE SEQUENCE OF REACTIONS
Patience is required when working with any animal. An animal goes
through a sequence of reactions as it becomes agitated.
Know your animal, and understand its behaviour. You will have time,
when both you and the animal are calm, to see if something is
frightening or stressing it. This is your opportunity to slow down,
remove the cause of stress if possible, or otherwise calm the animal.
If you ignore behaviour signs at this point, you will miss an
opportunity to calm the animal, and could end up struggling with an
agitated, unpredictable one. The hazards to both you and your animal
will increase dramatically, and it can take 20 or more minutes for the
animal to regain its calm.
This is why experienced animal handlers always live by the motto:
“Slow is fast.”
DESIGN AND MAINTAIN GOODWORKING SPACES
As much as possible, ensure that all working areas have evenly
distributed light, with a minimum of shadows. Use a consistent color
scheme on all surfaces seen by the animals, including walls, ceilings
and floors. Floors should all be stable and non-slippery, free of
tripping hazards for people, and startling textural changes for the
animals.
Use ramps rather than steps for animals and design the most gradual
slope possible in the space. In pens, chutes and alleyways, use solid11
sided walls to eliminate distractions that may cause animals to balk or
startle. Alleyways should be just wide enough for a single animal to
move through.
When designing chutes and alleyways, put low platforms outside the
chute where people can direct the animals without being enclosed
with them.
Any animal enclosure should contain slips or escape routes: narrow
openings just big enough for humans to escape. Sometimes called
“man gates,” these slips should be about 35 cm (14 inches) wide, and
braced by posts. You should be able to quickly reach at least one slip
or other escape route in any enclosure. Make it a habit to plan in
advance an escape route whenever you work in an enclosure with
animals.
Try to reduce the possibility of startling noises. Rubber stoppers on
metal gates and tailgates will cut down on the crashing and clanging
noises. Keep fans and equipment well-lubricated.
Pay regular attention to fence and gate maintenance. Gates should
work quietly and smoothly, and have easy-to-operate locks.
Remove any electrical cords or other hazards that animals may try to
chew on.
If you use or are installing electric fencing, remember:
.. Electric fencing requires regular, frequent inspection and
maintenance, especially in dry conditions when fires may start if
weeds or grass come into contact with live wires or connections.
.. If a fence has been damaged by a lightning strike during a
thunderstorm; the entire fence or part of it can hold enough power
to kill an animal or a person. Battery systems are less likely to
pose this type of hazard.
SITUATIONS TOWATCH FOR
.. Young and new workers are at particular risk when handling
livestock. You must take the necessary time to train, discuss and
demonstrate all the tasks you expect them to do. Make certain the
person you are training is mature enough, strong enough and
capable of performing each task. Supervise workers closely, until
you are certain they can work safely, unsupervised.
12 .. Animal handlers must be confident in their ability to do the job.
Animals sense fear and uncertainty and will take advantage of
handlers who do not demonstrate confidence. You need to
dominate the animal. This does not mean abuse or impatience –
just the gentle strength to make sure both you and the animal
know who is in charge.
.. Long hours or repetitive, tiring activity result in hazardous
situations you might otherwise avoid. Be alert whenever handling
animals, and if you’re getting tired or impatient, take a break or
ask for help.
.. Wherever you are, start by taking a minute to scan your
surroundings. Plan where you will stand, and where you will put
any tools or equipment. Always plan an escape route in advance –
you may have to move quickly to avoid injury.
.. Never turn your back on an animal, or allow yourself to become
distracted.
.. Work quietly, and do not shout or slam tools around.
.. Always approach an animal in its field of view. Never approach
from directly in front or behind.
.. Never tie an animal to yourself or to a moveable object. Never
leave a tied or restrained animal unattended.
Children and Animals
Farm children are usually expected and encouraged to help with the
farm operation and chores.
Animal handling requires skill, good judgement, attention and
physical strength. A child or young person is developing these
qualities, but may not yet be old enough to work around the animals
without close supervision. Children mature physically and mentally at
different rates – what’s suitable for one 13-year-old may be far
beyond the strength or ability of another.
If children are working around the animals on your farm, use the
North American Guidelines for Children’s Agricultural Tasks
(NAGCAT) as a reference when giving farm chores to children and
young people. For a copy of the guide, contact the Provincial Farm
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Safety Coordinator’s office (see contact information at the back of
this booklet.)
As well, you should expect that any child on the farm, whether
resident, visitor or passer-by, will be naturally curious about the
animals, especially newborns and young animals. Children may even
slip away from adult supervision to go visit the animals.
Be sure that children are supervised at all times around animals.
14 FARM HAZARDS
WORKING ALONE
There are many situations in agriculture where someone is working
with animals alone, either in the barn, or out on the farm property.
Farm owners/managers must address several questions:
• Does the work being done pose the risk of a disabling injury?
• Could the person get help if he/she were injured?
It has been noted that some animal-handling incidents have ended in
tragedy, partly because the injured person was working alone and
unable to get help.
Having a cell phone or two-way radio is a good first step. But, if
someone was unconscious, seriously injured, or unable to call for
help, how long would it be before someone else started looking for
him/her?
At a minimum, always tell someone where you are going, and when
you expect to come back. Discuss what should be done if you do not
return at the expected time. Or, arrange to have a reliable person call
you regularly. Then, if you do not answer the call, help can be sent
without delay.
HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
Most farms have at least some hazardous materials on site, including
fuels and lubricants, veterinary preparations, fertilizers, pesticides,
antifreeze, paints and varnishes, and so on. Any of these can cause
serious illness or death to people or farm animals. Your MAFRI GO
Office can advise you on good handling, storage and disposal
practices for hazardous materials.
VETERINARY MEDICATIONS
From time to time, you may find yourself administering injections or
dealing with veterinary issues with your animals.
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When working with animal medications, be aware of their potential
effects on human health. Dosages for horses or cows can be injurious
or fatal if accidentally administered to a person.
It is easy to get stuck with a needle intended for an animal you’re
trying to inject. To prevent needle-stick injuries, plan your work in
advance and use adequate animal restraints. Get help from a second
person when necessary. To avoid scratches or cuts, either dispose of
used syringes immediately in rigid, sealed containers, or carefully
recap veterinary needles right after use.
Note:
.. Exposure to animal antibiotics can cause allergic reactions in
people who have penicillin-related allergies.
.. Some animal antibiotics can be lethal if injected into humans by
accident (ex: Tilmicosin or Micotil® can cause heart failure.
.. Did you know that accidental exposure to prostaglandin
PGF2-alpha (a reproductive cycle drug commonly known as
Lutalyse) can cause miscarriage in pregnant women, not only
through accidental injection, but skin absorption as well?
.. Did you know that many animal vaccines are “live” and can
therefore affect human health if accidentally injected and not
promptly treated?
Anyone on your farm with a weakened immune system will be
particularly vulnerable to exposure to veterinary treatments. (A
weakened immune system can come from diseases like diabetes,
alcoholism, HIV / AIDS, or chronic lung disease. It can also come
from treatments like chemotherapy; surgical removal of the spleen; or
from medications like antibiotics, corticosteroids, or anti-rejection
drugs for transplant recovery.) Pregnant woman are especially
vulnerable to the effects of veterinary medications and hazardous
materials.
If you’re not sure of the possible human health effects of exposure to
any animal medications, consult your veterinarian.
DUST FROM FEED AND BEDDING PRODUCTS
Both hay and silage can develop allergy-causing molds. As the hay or
silage is moved or broken up, mold spores become airborne and can
16 be inhaled. Over time, exposure to this mold can cause lung disorders
and respiratory disease. The allergic reaction is commonly called
“farmer’s lung,” although the allergy is only one of the possible
problems that can develop.
If you suspect that hay or silage has become moldy, use a respirator or
face mask. Be sure to get the right masks or respirator filter
cartridges. They must be marked N95 or N100 (or HEPA).
Big accumulations of hay also pose a fire hazard. A damp core at the
center of a hay pile can get hot enough to smolder, and the hay pile
itself provides the fuel. Be extremely cautious if hay has gotten wet.
Disturbing the hay may either stir up mold spores, or provide a
sudden inrush of oxygen to a hot spot.
WORKING AROUND MANURE
Even in small quantities, animal manure can be a source of serious
illness to humans, especially children, the elderly and those with
weakened resistance.
Smaller farm operations do not usually collect large quantities of
manure in liquid form, so the very serious hazards posed by manure
pits and manure handling equipment are not likely to be a problem.
However, if you do collect large quantities of manure, be aware of the
danger: deadly gases are produced as the manure decomposes. If the
manure is held in a confined space, or any area with limited air
circulation, the gases can become concentrated enough to kill without
any chance of escape. Farmers must be aware of the hazards
associated with manure handling and storage.
PROTECT YOUR HEARING – FOR LIFE
The noise levels in areas of many farms are high enough to
permanently damage your hearing. In fact, statistics show a higher
rate of noise-induced hearing loss among farmers, than in comparable
populations. Sources of high noise include tractor and equipment
motors, poorly adjusted ventilation fans and animals in close quarters.
Noise-induced hearing loss usually happens gradually. By the time a
person realizes that voices (especially higher-pitched children’s
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voices) are harder to understand, significant damage has already
begun.
How do you know if a noise might damage your hearing? As a
general rule, if you have to raise your voice to be understood by
someone standing at arm’s length from you, the noise level is
probably above 83 decibels. At or above this level, you need ear plugs
or earmuffs to protect your hearing.
Ear plugs and earmuffs can offer the same levels of protection.
Earmuffs are useful, short-term, for intermittent loud noises. Keep a
pair of good quality earmuffs ready for use at the door of barn areas
where the animals make a lot of noise.
If you believe you have already suffered some hearing loss, it is
especially important to use good hearing protection. Even if you are
not as sensitive to loud noise as you used to be, it can still damage
your remaining hearing.
ZOONOTIC DISEASES
Diseases that affect humans, and that are transmitted by animals, are
called “zoonotic diseases” or “zoonoses” (pronounced
ZOO-OH-NOT-ICK or ZOO-OH-NO-SEES).
You can be exposed to zoonotic diseases by:
.. direct contact with animal blood, urine, or feces, if splashed in
your eyes, nose, or mouth, or if transferred from your hands to
your mouth (while eating, smoking, taking chewing tobacco, or
touching your face)
.. introduction into your bloodstream through cracked skin,
scratches, or open cuts
.. inhalation of dust or micro-organisms in the air
.. transmission from an infected animal to a human by the bite of a
fly, mosquito, tick, or flea
Note:
.. Salmonella bacteria, which causes gastro-intestinal illness in
humans, can be present almost everywhere on a farm, and are
found in almost every species of farmed animal.
18 .. Toxoplasmosis, a common parasitic infection of cats and other
animals, can cause fever in humans; and cause serious damage
health complications for a pregnant woman.
.. Capnocytophaga, bacteria that occur naturally in dogs’ and cats’
mouths, can cause serious illness in humans with weakened
immune systems and death in people with alcoholism or who have
previously had the spleen removed.
Always consider that any body fluid from your farm animals may be
carrying a zoonotic disease. As much as possible, use personal
protective equipment.
.. Use an N95 or N100 mask or respirator when sweeping or stirring
up loose dirt and dust.
.. Always use disposable latex rubber or nitrile (synthetic rubber)
gloves, especially if your skin is cut or chapped.
.. Change saturated or badly soiled work clothes as soon as you can.
Anyone working around animals should be hand-washing frequently:
.. before and after using the toilet
.. before eating or taking a break
.. after any contact with animals.
Paper towels, non-irritating soap and nailbrushes should be available
at all sinks.
If eyewash equipment is available on your farm, take a few minutes to
review how to use it. One type of eyewash station is a small
wall-mounted kit, with a specially-designed bottle of sterile liquid and
a chart that demonstrates its use. Another type is a simple switch for
sink faucets, that directs two streams of water upward to form
continuous flushing of the eyes.
Infections can easily be spread on contaminated work clothing. Use a
storage area outside of the house for work clothes, boots, gloves and
other gear. These should be taken off and dried for future use, or set
aside for separate laundering, with plenty of hot water and bleach.
Take seriously any symptoms of disease infection. Working with
animals may help people develop some immunity to common
infections, however this means that if you do feel disease symptoms,
they should be cause for concern.
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If you notice any unusual symptoms see a doctor immediately. Make
sure your doctor is aware of your work on a farm as a possible
exposure to zoonotic disease. Here are some symptoms to be aware
of:
.. chronic coughing, difficult or painful breathing
.. prolonged fever, night sweats
.. unexplained skin rashes or sores
.. prolonged intestinal problems, diarrhea, or abdominal cramps
Keep the likelihood of zoonotic diseases in perspective. Most of the
diseases described in this booklet rarely infect people, even those who
work closely with animals. However, if someone does develop a
zoonotic disease, the consequences can be significant, so it’s
important to be aware of the hazards.
Tetanus and Farm Work
Wherever people are exposed to animal wastes and soil, they may be
exposed to tetanus. Tetanus bacteria can infect almost any animal.
When humans are infected, the resulting illness can be very serious
and may lead to death. Deep puncture wounds are the greatest
concern. Fortunately, tetanus can be prevented by vaccination. Ask
your doctor about getting tetanus vaccinations for everyone on your
farm.
Hantavirus and Farm Work
Hantavirus may be present in rodents, particularly deer mice. If the
droppings or urine from infected mice become airborne as dried dust,
the virus can be inhaled by humans and cause Hantavirus Pulmonary
Syndrome (HPS), a disease of the lungs. If not treated promptly, HPS
has led to death in about half of the recorded cases.
Only a handful of HPS cases have been recorded in recent years, but
despite its rarity, hantavirus should be taken seriously. If you have
questions about the possibility of hantavirus exposure in your farm
buildings, contact the province’s Workplace Safety and Health
Division for more detailed information on the precautions you should
be taking.
20 THE HAZARD OF INFECTION
Researchers with the Canadian Agricultural Injury Surveillance
Program report that a striking number of animal-related injuries
develop into infections. Any time someone’s skin is broken (from a
cut, scratch, animal bite, or accidental puncture wound), that person is
vulnerable to infection. The injury must be treated promptly with
thorough cleaning and disinfection, and dressed with an antibiotic
cream.
If any swelling develops, this is a sign of infection – take the person
for medical attention without delay. Some of the infectious agents
present on a farm can move very fast through a person’s body,
progressing from local inflammation to infection of an entire limb and
even life-threatening septicemia.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING AND GEAR
Protective clothing and gear are generally not “all-purpose.” You
must be sure that the clothes, gloves or respirator you’re using
will actually protect you.
A cheap paper dust mask (sometimes called a comfort mask) will
prevent large visible particles of dust from filling up your nose as you
work. However, it cannot filter smaller particles that can cause
damage deep in your lungs. Comfort masks do not filter diseasecausing
micro-organisms.
Animal handling poses the risk of transmission of disease. To protect
against inhaling airborne viral or bacterial particles, you must use a
respirator marked as being N95 or N100. Only these respirators have
a fine enough filter to protect you against airborne micro-organisms.
Latex rubber gloves may not protect against some of the hazardous
materials used on farms. For example, you may have seen latex
rubber gloves start to disintegrate on contact with certain solvents. A
better choice is nitrile, which is a synthetic, inexpensive rubber
substitute.
Many animal handling injuries involve people’s feet. Almost all farm
animals are heavy enough or have sharp enough hooves to cause a
painful injury if you’re accidentally stepped on. Always wear sturdy
21
steel-toed footwear when working with animals. The one exception to
this is while riding horses, when footwear must have smooth soles
and a riding heel for proper use of the stirrups.
Good-fitting light leather gloves are also very useful for many tasks,
as they protect your hands from cuts and scratches.
22 PREPARING FOR ALL EMERGENCIES
Advance preparation is the best way to reduce the impact of an
emergency.
WRITE A PLAN?
Begin by listing the emergencies that could affect your farm. Include
anything from a barn fire or a serious animal-related injury to an
individual, right up to community disasters like a flood, earthquake,
or wildfire. Don’t forget to consider forced evacuations that could be
the result of a nearby derailment, pipeline leak, or other
environmental incident.
Every farm’s preparations will be different, depending on location
and surrounding terrain, type and number of animals, ease of
transportation, availability of alternative locations, etc.
There are four main steps to drafting an emergency plan:
.. mitigation
.. preparedness
.. response
.. recovery.
Mitigation or reducing risks and preparedness must be done well
before an emergency takes place. You should consider these activities
now. Response (although it is based on advance preparation) is what
takes place during an emergency. And recovery includes all the
necessary measures that take place after the immediate emergency to
return the operations to normal.
MITIGATION
Mitigation refers to all the lasting changes you make on your farm
now to reduce the possible effects of an emergency. Operations that
include livestock should:
• Secure anything around the farm that could easily spill, blow
around, burn, or otherwise create extra havoc during an
emergency.
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• Install manual pumps or non-powered access to water for the
animals if you have to leave them for a period of time.
• Set up a generator system if your farm requires a reliable
source of power for heat lamps or other electrical equipment.
• Label all hazardous materials and make sure their storage
location remain secure in an emergency and not contaminate
wells or feed.
• Carefully reviewing your insurance, to be sure that it will
provide the coverage you anticipate you may need.
Once completed, measures like these will minimize the effects of
fire, flood, an earthquake or storm, or extended power outage. Your
local fire department and MAFRI GO Office can help you develop an
emergency plan that is tailored to the size and type of your farm.
PREPAREDNESS
Preparedness involves making plans in advance, such as checking the
first aid kit and other emergency supplies, planning evacuation
arrangements, identifying key contact people and information and so
on.
Especially on a family farm, practise drills to help reinforce
emergency procedures for children and elderly family members.
Drills also draw attention to areas that still need work in your plan.
Whenever possible, practise getting all of your animals on trailers to
be moved, to prepare them in advance for an emergency evacuation.
First Aid
Depending on the size of your operation, there should be at least one
first aid kit, or even one person trained in first aid. Everyone living or
working on the property should know where the first aid kit is kept.
Everyone should also know how to contact whoever knows first aid,
if you have one, or how to get outside help in an emergency.
The location of all emergency supplies (fire extinguishers, first aid
kit, eyewash equipment, etc.) should be accessible and clearly
marked.
24 Animal Evacuation Plan
Planning for a partial or full-scale evacuation will allow you to line up
alternative locations, make transportation arrangements, assign
responsibilities and make sure that everyone understands the plan.
This will reduce the chance of a stressful, unprepared response in
which animals or people are more likely to be injured.
Try as much as possible to anticipate:
.. Who will direct or lead the animals?
.. How will they be transported? Does your farm have enough trailer
space, or will extra trailers have to be arranged? In a communitywide
emergency, will there be enough trailers if everyone needs
one at one time?
.. How will you carry the necessary feed, water, veterinary
medicines, handling equipment, etc.?
.. What route will you use? Is there an alternative route, if your first
choice is not available? Contact your local emergency
management authority and become familiar with at least two
possible evacuation routes well in advance.
.. Where will you go? Arranging for a place to temporarily keep
your animals may mean working within your community to
establish safe shelters for farm animals. Potential facilities include
fairgrounds, other farms, racetracks, humane societies, or any
other safe and appropriate facilities you can find. Try to choose
locations that are not likely to be sharing the same emergency
conditions. Don’t look for locations that are on the same
floodplain, near the same railway tracks, or in the same valley
system as the spill, flood or wildfire you may be fleeing.
If you had to choose only some animals to take, which would they be?
Can you mark or identify them in some way so volunteer handlers
could help you move the animals in an emergency?
It may become necessary to remove barbed wire or other fencing,
open gates and consider rerouting any other permanent fencing so that
animals may move to high ground in a flood, to low ground during
high winds, or to open areas during a fire. During the Okanagan fires
of 2004, many ranchers had to cut fences to allow their cattle to find
their own way to safety.
25
Emergency Information Sheet
Develop a list of all the contact information you might need in an
emergency, and see that copies of the list are stored in multiple
locations. This includes family members or friends who do not live on
your farm. Include on the list:
.. emergency numbers for your area (911 or others)
.. family members and next of kin
.. neighbours contact information
.. veterinarian and emergency veterinary clinic contact information
.. family doctor(s) and local clinic contacts
.. poison control, and emergency hydro and gas contact information
.. nearest hospital
.. insurance agent contact information
Animal Identification
Consider the identification of your animals. How would you reunite
with them, if they escaped during an emergency, had to be set loose to
fend for themselves or were sheltered in a community pasture?
Make sure every animal has durable and visible identification. This
identification should include contact information that will help return
the animal to you. In a pinch, duct tape and permanent marker on a
halter will be sufficient, but you may be able to come up with
something better. The information should include your name and
contact numbers, and the animal’s name (if it responds to a name).
Take photographs of your animals, in case you need to demonstrate
ownership.
RESPONSE
Response plans cover actions during the emergency. Depending on
the type of emergency, an effective response may involve taking
cover, moving your animals, fighting a fire or using your first aid.
You will be able to make better decisions if you’ve already taken care
of all the advance preparations and mitigation.
Keep battery-powered radios handy, to stay informed about changes
in evacuation orders.
26 Be ready to leave, once an evacuation is ordered. Evacuate your
animals as soon as possible, to allow time for difficult driving
conditions. Heavy smoke, high winds, or slippery or flooded roads
may make evacuation impossible as the emergency develops.
Emergency transport will cause tremendous stress on animals –
exposure to unfamiliar odors and noises, people, surroundings and
other animals.
Frightened, disoriented animals present a high risk to you as a
handler. Traumatic times can bring out unusual or aggressive
behavior. Emergencies like blizzards and slow floods, may make
some animals resistant and stubborn. Other more alarming situations,
such as flash floods, wildfires, or tornadoes may trigger panic
reactions.
RECOVERY
It is important to plan for the period immediately after an emergency.
You’ll want to get back to normal as soon as possible – even if your
property has been damaged, transportation is still disrupted, and
supplies like clean drinking water, medicines, or animal feed are not
yet available.
Advance planning can make the recovery period easier, too. Make a
list, now, of the goods and services your farm would need during
recovery after an emergency, and include the contact information for
each item.
27
BIOSECURITY MEASURES
In recent years, people have become much more aware and concerned
about biosecurity issue, the spread of animal disease and
contamination of food and water supplies.
Some possible sources of contamination include:
.. people who travel from one farm to another, unintentionally
carrying disease agents on their vehicles, shoes, or clothes
.. equipment moved from farm to farm, carrying dirt, seeds or
micro-organisms
.. animals that come into contact with animals from other farms
during transport, or during events such as shows, sales or fairs
.. farm animals that come into direct contact with infected wild
animals, such as rats, mice, raccoons, etc.
.. farm animals that come into contact with airborne disease-causing
agents, or with fecal matter from infected birds flying overhead
.. water from streams or irrigation ditches that may have become
contaminated upstream from your animals
Consider the routes of transmission that could affect biosecurity on
your farm. Here are some of the general measures currently being
recommended for farms:
.. Restrict human access to the farm property (with signs, fences,
and gates) so that farm visitors enter at a single spot.
.. Provide disinfectant footbaths, or disposable plastic boots for
visitors to wear while walking around your farm.
.. Provide a gravel or paved parking area for farm visitors (to reduce
the spread of mud from one farm to another).
.. Keep containers of disinfectant on hand if equipment, or vehicle
tires or undercarriages, need to be washed off.
.. Encourage the use of disposable overalls if visitors will be in
direct contact with the animals.
For general purposes, the appropriate concentrations of disinfectant
are:
.. 10 per cent bleach solution
28 .. one to two per cent Virkon solution
.. 15 millilitres per litre Chemprocide
The best disinfectant for hands is vigorous, thorough hand-washing
with lots of soap and hot water. Anti-micro waterless cleansers may
be used as a temporary measure, but these cleansers must be rubbed
in thoroughly, including under the nails. As soon as hot water is
available, hands should be rewashed.
If visitors will be in direct contact with animals or hard surfaces on
your farm, encourage them to vigorously wash their hands at the start
and end of the visit.
Note that it is not possible to provide up-to-date information on all
aspects of biosecurity, as the situation can change rapidly. Further
contact information for biosecurity can be found at the end of this
booklet.
29
WORKING WITH ANIMALS
Some of the direct hazards of animals will seem obvious to anyone
who works around them. Animals can kick, bite, squeeze you against
a wall or fence, or step on you.
Other hazards may not be so obvious such as transmission of diseases
when humans come into contact with the blood, saliva, urine or feces
of infected animals.
30 POULTRY
TIPS ABOUT BEHAVIOUR
This section generally applies to chickens, turkeys and fowl such as
ducks and geese, raised for meat, eggs or both. They may be housed
indoors, outdoors or run free.
Poultry that are stressed by fear, change, climate, or any other concern
will be more difficult to handle and pose a greater risk of deliberately
or inadvertently hurting you.
Birds are easily affected by changes in their immediate environment.
For example, heat or cold will prompt a response and may generate
health concerns.
Flock behaviour means that some birds may begin to turn on those
they perceive as weak or defenseless. Be aware that this behaviour
may not only be directed at other birds -- children can be at particular
risk for injury by chickens or turkeys. If you are ever cut, injured or
become ill inside an enclosure with poultry, you must leave
immediately to reduce risk of attack. This is particularly true if you
are bleeding.
Poultry show their alarm and distress with sudden flight, sharp
squawks; they may seek hiding spots.
GOOD PRACTICES AROUND POULTRY
Approach the birds in a quiet, confident, easy-moving manner that
does not raise alarm. Calm birds will not try to take flight. However,
poultry flying about an enclosure can cause unintentional injury.
Calm birds can be gently moved in a “herding” movement along the
ground.
Catching poultry involves important skills – both for the birds’ wellbeing
and your own. It is easiest to catch birds in low or blue light.
Birds older than 13 weeks should be carried by both legs or both
wings. When releasing them, try to place them on their feet. Turkeys
and larger breeds of chickens require greater support and should be
carried by both legs and one wing.
31
Never handle a chicken or turkey by the head, one wing, or one leg.
This will create an out-of-control panic response in the bird. You may
injure it and will almost certainly cause it to scratch or peck you. The
fear and distress of the one bird will rapidly communicate itself
through the whole flock.
Use care when placing the birds into cages, and insert each bird
headfirst. Be aware of the door closures, to avoid pinching and file
down any sharp edges on cage doors.
When moving chicks from the hatching tray, lift each chick gently
and place it down, rather than tipping the whole tray. Chick trays can
be heavy and awkwardly-shaped. Lifting these trays can cause back
strain, so be sure to let your bent legs carry most of the weight as you
lift.
When gathering eggs, pay attention to the behaviour of the roosting
hen – she may try to peck as you retrieve the eggs. This can be
particularly frightening to children who are asked to bring in the eggs.
Be sure that any child working around poultry is mature and confident
enough to move a roosting hen.
GOOD DESIGN OFWORKING AREAS
It is recommended that you make a habit of always using an N95 or
N100 respirator mask when working closely with poultry. At the
entrance to the coop or pens, keep a handy supply of masks and
respirator filters, as this will encourage everyone to use them
regularly.
If you raise poultry for meat and do your own slaughtering and
processing, there are many health and safety issues to be aware of.
These include choice of working surfaces, cleaning and sterilizing
tools, disposal of viscera, etc. Specific recommendations for slaughter
and processing can be obtained from the Canadian Food Inspection
Agency. See contact information at the back of this booklet
PROTECTION FROM DISEASE
Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from poultry to
people are:
32 .. campylobacter
.. influenza type A
.. psittacosis
.. salmonella.
More detailed information on these diseases is provided in the
Glossary at the end of this guide.
Be attentive to your own personal hygiene whenever you work around
poultry. Protect your skin as much as you can from dirt as well as
from scratches and cuts, by wearing rubber gloves, an apron and even
rubber sleeves. Wear a mask marked N95 or N100 to protect yourself
from airborne dust that may carry disease. Wash your hands, arms,
and face thoroughly after contact with the birds, their bedding, pens
or enclosures.
Avian flu
Influenza (flu) is a broad term for many hundreds of related types of
viral infections. To avoid confusion about the different types of
influenza, here are three important distinctions:
.. Seasonal (or common) flu is a respiratory illness that can be
transmitted from person to person. Most people have some
immunity and a vaccine is available.
.. Pandemic flu is virulent human flu that causes a global outbreak,
or pandemic, of serious illness. Because there is little natural
immunity, the disease can spread easily from person to person.
Currently, there is no pandemic flu.
.. Avian (or bird) flu is caused by influenza viruses that occur
naturally among wild birds. The H5N1 variant is deadly to
domestic fowl and can be transmitted from birds to humans. There
is no human immunity and no vaccine is currently available.
Currently H5N1 avian flu has affected domestic poultry in many parts
of the world, and the rare human cases have generally been linked to
very close contact with infected birds. Immediately contact your local
veterinarian if you detect unusual illnesses of deaths in your flock.
33
HOGS
TIPS ABOUT BEHAVIOUR
Hogs are sensitive and frighten easily. They have poor eyesight and
depth perception. They have a very wide circle of vision that extends
almost 310° to everywhere except directly behind their heads.
Hogs can seem small, because they are generally low to the ground.
Do not be misled by this. These animals are very strong, have a lot of
body weight behind them when they move. They also move very fast
when frightened, challenged or on the offensive.
Note also that hog behaviour varies, depending on their age and sex.
Boars and older sows are considered more dangerous. Boars that have
not been de-tusked can inflict serious injury and have caused a
number of handler deaths in Canada.
Signs of distress in hogs include lying down, refusal to move and
panting. If this is the case, leave the animals alone. Sows may bite at
fences, walls, or people after farrowing. Their voice may lower and
they may become more edgy.
Of special note is the sound made by hogs. The squeal of a hog does
not necessarily mean that it is in distress. Hogs will make this noise
for no apparent reason at all. Hog squeals, though, are loud and high
pitched enough to cause serious hearing damage to a person. When
working around hogs, always use hearing protection. Keep a clean set
of ear muffs hanging by the entrance to the hog barn. It will
encourage everyone to use them regularly.
For more detailed information on hog-raising health and safety, see
the Manitoba Pork Council’s Workplace Safety and Health Manual
for the Pork Industry.
GOOD PRACTICES AROUND HOGS
Always wear sturdy footwear with steel toes because hog hooves are
sharp. You may also find it helpful to wear hockey-type shin pads to
protect your lower legs when working around hogs.
34 Move quietly among hogs. Do not startle them or awaken them
suddenly. Aggressive handling (sudden awakening, throwing cold
water, etc.) can cause heart attacks in hogs.
Use caution when mixing pigs or introducing a new hog into the pen.
Hogs that are mixed quickly or are overcrowded can become very
territorial and aggressive and may injure each other.
If you are injured and fall, or are knocked down, hogs may lie on you
or continue the attack by biting. If you are ever injured in a confined
area with a hog, you must get out immediately, especially if you are
bleeding.
MOVING HOGS
Hogs can be difficult to move. Use a quiet, firm, confident, patient
approach and go slowly.
Never allow anyone on your farm to kick at hogs to move them. Their
immediate reaction may be to turn and strike out and their longer term
reaction may be to become stressed and more unpredictable with
other handlers.
Make and use hog panels: plywood boards with hand-holds cut out.
These can be cut to fit the alleyways on your farm. Don’t use the
board to chase the hogs, but allow the animals sufficient space and
time to find their own way.
Plastic shakers or slappers can be used to create a small noise so the
hogs can be steered forward. Never strike a hog directly with one of
these tools.
Hogs can be encouraged to move backwards by placing a bucket, box
or covering over their head. They will immediately try to back out of
the covering object and can be steered into the desired location.
GOOD DESIGN OFWORKING AREAS
When designing or modifying hog barns or pens, consider these facts:
.. Hogs can jump as high as a metre, so sturdy enclosures must be at
least that high.
35
.. Lighting is particularly important to hogs, as they can be very
sensitive to abrupt changes in light levels and may balk at being
moved into brightly-lit areas.
.. Hogs are sensitive to abrupt changes of temperature and may also
balk or move slowly if they perceive a change from hot to cold or
vice versa.
.. If possible, keep the flooring consistent wherever the hogs will be
moved, because these animals can detect changes in the texture of
the surface and may resist being moved.
.. Do not try to force hogs to step up or down. Build ramps wherever
needed.
PROTECTION FROM DISEASE
Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from hogs to
people are:
.. acariasis
.. campylobacter
.. influenza type A
.. leptospirosis
.. listeriosis
.. ringworm
.. salmonella
.. streptococcus
.. erysipelas.
More detailed information on these diseases is provided in the
Glossary at the end of this guide.
36 CATTLE
TIPS ABOUT BEHAVIOUR
Cattle behaviour varies depending on the breed. Some are considered
more excitable, so it’s worth learning about your specific breed.
Cattle are herd animals that react best when kept together. Since their
instinctive reaction is flight, they will stampede in a group if
frightened.Cattle have blind spots directly in front and behind and
poor depth perception.
Dairy cows develop habits based on their daily routines. Heifers,
because they have not yet developed the same habits, are more
unpredictable. Cattle show distress by milling or circling, bawling or
feigning charges.
The Canadian Agricultural Injury Surveillance Program notes there
were 37 cattle-related handler deaths on farms in Canada between
1990 and 2000. Of these, at least 22 involved bulls, and another six
were identified with cows that were calving or protecting very young
calves.
The behaviour patterns of an individual bull will change as it gets
older. Many of the handlers, whose deaths were caused by bulls, did
not appear to be doing anything new or unusual. Yet, the bull reacted
differently than it had in the past. Do not take anything for granted
when working with a bull.
A striking number of the deaths associated with cattle handling
happened to people working alone with the animals, including bulls.
Working alone means there’s no one to help out if the situation gets
difficult. It also means that if you are knocked down or injured,
there’s no one to distract or ward off an agitated animal. Working
alone also means that critical time is lost in getting emergency
treatment – time which can make the difference between survival or
death!
37
GOOD PRACTICES AROUND CATTLE
When working in close proximity to the animal, be aware that cattle
kick forward first and then strike backward. The leg starts from the
position it is in, makes a forward slightly circular motion and then is
extended backwards. The force at either end of the blow can cause
serious injury.
Humanely restrain the animal’s legs, particularly when working in the
flank and udder area, or upon the feet. Use restraining devices such as
a squeeze whenever possible if doctoring an animal.
Whatever method of pressure you have used to advance the
movement of the cow, stop or release that pressure when you have
obtained the desired result. Tail twisting can work, but release it when
the animal has done what you want.
If you are halter-breaking your animal, never tie it to yourself, a
vehicle, or a moveable object.
PROTECTION FROM DISEASE
Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from cattle to
people are:
.. acariasis
.. anthrax
.. campylobacter
.. cryptosporidiosis
.. e. coli
.. leptospirosis
.. listeriosis
.. milkers’ nodules
.. Q fever
.. ringworm
.. salmonella
.. streptococcus
More detailed information on these diseases is provided in the
Glossary at the end of this guide.
38 BISON
TIPS ABOUT BEHAVIOUR
Bison (buffalo) are not domesticated in the same sense as cattle. Their
herd instincts and wild behaviour are very strong. They have very
poor vision, so any nearby movement may initially be perceived as a
threat.
Bison normally move very slowly and need to be able to see each
other during movement. Keep them together and allow their strong
herd instinct to help move them. They will follow a leader, so if you
are able to identify the leading animal and encourage it to move, the
rest of the herd will not require the push often applied to other
livestock movements.
Be aware, though, that bison are very fast and can run with reckless
abandon for short distances. They are extremely dangerous when
moving at high speed. Their key defensive resources are sharp hooves
and a powerful kick, and ramming behaviour with a thickly-furred
head and very strong skull.
The speed, bulk and poor vision of bison make them very difficult to
stop if they become agitated, aggressive, or frightened or stampede.
The best means of avoiding this danger, and the real challenge in the
raising of bison, is to always keep them quiet.
Note, too, that stressed or agitated bison will most often try to return
to the last place they were secure and undisturbed. Signs of distress in
bison include milling, pushing and shoving and arched tails.
GOOD PRACTICES AROUND BISON
When working with bison, be patient, confident and organized. Plan
your work in advance and ensure it can be done effectively and
efficiently, with minimal waiting time for any animal in holding
facilities, chutes or alleyways.
Work in a manner that cannot be perceived by the bison as
threatening. Remain quiet and calm and avoid any arm-waving,
yelling or striking actions.
39
Remember that bison are wild animals and their behaviour is still very
much a product of their defence against a predator’s attack. For this
reason, most handlers work bison from the ground rather than from
catwalks or fence rails above the animal. However, be aware that
working from the ground in close proximity to the animals puts you at
much higher risk of injury. In recent years, serious injuries have been
recorded in Canada that included goring, kicking and being squeezed
between a bison’s body and a solid surface.
GOOD DESIGN OFWORKING AREAS
Bison are difficult to raise. In addition to the demands on handlers,
bison require specially prepared facilities for their own and their
handlers’ safety. Their size and power is much greater than cattle and
their natural tendency is to ram or head-butt enclosures. Ensure that
your facilities and pastures allow sufficient room for these large
animals. Overcrowding can create challenges among the herd for
dominance and promote aggressive behavior.
It can be tempting, if you have a quiet herd, to simply use cattle
fencing. However, this practice can create dangerous situations if the
bison choose to stress the facilities and fencing. Build or adapt your
facilities for bison including: fencing, chutes, pens, squeezes,
alleyways.
PROTECTION FROM DISEASE
Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from bison to
people are:
.. acariasis
.. brucellosis
.. leptospirosis
.. listeriosis
.. ringworm
.. salmonella.
More detailed information on these diseases is provided in the
Glossary at the end of this guide.
40 SHEEP
TIPS ABOUT BEHAVIOUR
Like most livestock, sheep are sensitive to change. Sheep are
particularly affected by movement from darker to lighter areas, from
warm enclosures to outdoor pens and even by changes in climate.
When working with sheep, allow them to set the pace, so they will
stay calm. Frightened sheep are very hard to gather, move, or work
with, as they become very unpredictable. If stressed, frightened or
disoriented, they may even bunch up and try to climb upon each
other.
Sheep have poor depth perception, particularly when their heads are
up. If a sheep is looking down, allow it sufficient time to gather
information about obstacles, footing or surfaces rather than forcing it
to move along as fast as you may want it to.
Rams use head-butting to establish dominance in a flock. Headbutting
can increase if the animals are stressed or overcrowded. You
can also unintentionally bring on a head-butt by patting or scratching
a ram on the forehead, as it may interpret the contact as a challenge.
GOOD PRACTICES AROUND SHEEP
Sheep are not usually aggressive, but they can cause injuries through
flight when frightened. For example, they may jump when stressed
and hemmed in. If a sheep makes its way down an alleyway and
begins to run, a handler may attempt to block the escape route. The
blocked sheep may then jump at the last second, striking the handler
in the chest.
Sheep need to be handled gently but with confidence. Know where
you want the sheep to go and ensure they can easily arrive there with
no obstacles (which can cause the drove to split or circle).
Rams can cause injury to handlers by butting and special caution
should be used when handling them. Always keep a ram in clear view
and never let down your guard.
41
When using dogs to help move sheep, ensure they are trained and
under control at all times.
If the sheep are being protected or monitored by another animal (such
as a dog, llama or donkey), be aware that the guard animal may see
you as a threat. Before trying to approach guarded sheep, first
establish that the guard animal accepts your movements near the
flock.
Special Issues for Shearing
Work with an experienced shearer before trying this on your own, as
there are special skills involved in holding the sheep to avoid being
kicked or head-butted. Be aware, too, that sheep that have been
recently shorn must be closely monitored. They’ll need protection
from the elements to avoid hypothermia from the cold or sunburn if
shorn in warmer weather.
GOOD DESIGN OFWORKING AREAS
Depending on the scale of your operation, you may have a dedicated
shearing area. Design a shearing area that is flat, free of any
obstructions or debris and restricts the movement of the animals if
one is able to break free of the handler’s grip during shearing.
PROTECTION FROM DISEASE
Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from sheep to
people are:
.. acariasis
.. anthrax
.. leptospirosis
.. listeriosis
.. orf
.. Q fever
.. ringworm
.. salmonella
More detailed information on these diseases is provided in the
Glossary at the end of this guide.
42 GOATS
TIPS ABOUT BEHAVIOUR
Goats are usually considered more difficult to handle than other
livestock. They are herd animals and tend to move in family groups,
so it’s important to observe the group of animals and identify the
dominant leaders (usually older females).
Goats are prone to stress and fear may cause them to lie down or to
huddle in a tightly packed group. They can also get overheated when
stressed, so plan your work for cooler times of the day, and watch for
signs of distress or overheating. Allow goats to keep one another in
sight, as isolation from others will increase their stress.
Stressed animals become unpredictable and pose a greater risk of
injury to themselves, other animals or their handlers.
GOOD PRACTICES AROUND GOATS
If lifting a goat, support it fully by holding it around the body. Never
allow anyone on your farm to lift a goat by its head, horns, ears or
legs. You may find it helpful to direct the movement of goats by using
shaker paddles.
While more tame goats can be easier to work around, they can also be
harder to move. If this is the case, try leading them with a halter, or a
bucket.
Experienced goat handlers point out that horns can be both an
advantage and a disadvantage. Goats can be restrained by their horns,
but the presence of horns also means that human handlers and other
animals are at much greater risk of injury. A good compromise is to
allow horn growth, but keep the tips trimmed or blunt.
GOOD DESIGN OFWORKING AREAS
A small pen is usually sufficient for most goat care and if the goats
have been accustomed to entering the pen for reward (feeding), they
will enter it more readily for routine care like hoof trimming. If
43
possible, provide yourself with a milking or trimming stand and a
restraint system for tasks like hoof trimming.
Design goat enclosures and pens with the safety of both animals and
humans in mind. Provide secure footing, by spreading coarse sand
under the bedding material. Goat enclosures need higher fences and
gates than those used for sheep. Larger breeds need fences to be
extremely high and sturdy.
Provide lots of space for goats and keep larger and smaller animals
separated. Overcrowded animals react to their conditions with
aggression and increased dominance -- horn-hooking, bunting,
confrontations.
Sheds or protective shelters will allow the animals to stay dry and find
shade when it’s hot.
PROTECTION FROM DISEASE
Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from goats to
people are:
.. acariasis
.. anthrax
.. leptospirosis
.. listeriosis
.. orf
.. Q fever
.. ringworm
.. salmonella.
More detailed information on these diseases is provided in the
Glossary at the end of this guide.
44 HORSES
TIPS ABOUT BEHAVIOUR
Horses can vary greatly in attitude, compliance, personality,
temperament and training. The breed of the horse may also influence
the horse’s behavior. Hot bloods (Arabians, racehorses) tend to be
high strung. Warm bloods (quarter horses, pleasure horses, Morgans,
Appaloosas) are calmer by nature. Cold bloods (Clydesdales,
Percherons, heavy horses) are usually the calmest.
Horses rely on a very good sense of smell to recognize the familiar
and react to new situations. Usually, horses are curious about new
scents, but they may also react with alarm or fear. Horses also have
extremely good hearing. A horse’s ears are always in motion, as it
tracks the sounds around it.
Horses do not have very good vision, even in daylight. In dim light,
they see very poorly and can be easily startled.
With one eye on each side of the head, most horses can easily see the
wide sweep of their surroundings, but they cannot use both eyes to
focus clearly on a distant point without swinging their heads to face
that direction. Horses cannot clearly see nearby objects above their
eye levels and may swing their heads up, trying to focus their vision.
They have blind spots directly in front and behind and have poor
depth perception. Horses can be excitable. They may be startled by
unusual or new sights or even by familiar situations, if taken by
surprise.
Horses can strike and kick with any foot. They show their distress or
displeasure in a variety of ways including tail-swishing, raised head,
and pinned-back ears.
GOOD PRACTICES AROUND HORSES
The Canadian Agricultural Injury Surveillance Program notes there
were 29 horse-related deaths on farms in Canada between 1990 and
45
2000. In 10 of these deaths, a rider was thrown. Eight of the deaths
were caused by a kick (to a handler or to someone standing too near
the horse) and another six involved being struck by a horse either
outdoors or in a stall.
Begin by checking that all your tack is in good repair. Wear
appropriate clothing and protective equipment. Always use
appropriate riding boots – high in the heel, with smooth soles.
Consider using bell stirrups, which are less likely to catch your foot if
you’re thrown or the horse falls.
Approach the horse quietly and with confidence, from the left or “on
side” of the horse. Many horses have been trained to be approached
and mounted from either side, but all are trained to accept a rider from
the left.
Never approach a horse in a group with treats or buckets of feed. If
you must use treats to catch your horse, put a bucket out for each
horse in the enclosure. Space the feed out to stop one horse
dominating the feed piles or buckets.
Ensure you are properly tacked up; your saddle is adjusted and fits
well; and the cinch is securely tightened. Stirrups should allow easy
foot movement in or out. A good general rule is to have your ankle
line up with the bottom of the stirrup.
Handle your horse often, and gently, to reinforce good behaviour.
Practise new things in a controlled environment, with supervision if
necessary.
Do not try to pick up a horse’s feet unless you’ve been trained to do
so. Have an experienced person show you this skill.
Never tie a lead rope to yourself, or wrap the reins around your hand.
If a horse is startled or suddenly tries to pull away, you are at risk of
being jerked off your feet, dragged and seriously injured.
When riding, follow single file and allow enough room between you
and the horse in front to avoid conflict between the horses (at least
one full horse-length, or more if the individual animals seem to need
it). If space permits, you can ride abreast, but be alert to any
restriction in the route ahead and bring the horses back into single file
before they start feeling crowded. While riding abreast, allow at least
46 one body width between the horses, to prevent contact or
entanglement.
Choosing a Horse
When choosing a horse, consider who will be riding it. Always match
the horse to the rider’s ability, and avoid the temptation to put more
horse under a child than he or she need or can handle. For a novice
rider, it is better to choose a horse that they will grow out of than one
that you hope they can grow into.
PROTECTION FROM DISEASE
Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from horses to
people are:
.. acariasis
.. anthrax
.. leptospirosis
.. listeriosis
.. ringworm
.. salmonella
.. streptococcus
.. West Nile virus
.. western equine encephalitis
More detailed information on these diseases is provided in the
Glossary at the end of this guide.
47
LLAMAS AND ALPACAS
TIPS ABOUT BEHAVIOUR
Llamas and alpacas species come from a cold, dry climate. They are
very sensitive to heat and can become distressed in warm or humid
conditions. Learn the stress signs of these animals and be prepared to
take immediate action if a llama or alpaca shows signs of overheating.
Animals of this family have a well-defined flight zone. This can be
used to move them. Llamas and alpacas also follow herd behaviour in
groups.
Despite their appealing appearance, these animals are typically not
affectionate towards humans. A llama or alpaca should not be touched
unless you know it to be comfortable with this level of human
contact. However, animals that interact frequently with people do
become more accustomed to the contact.
Frequently, a single llama may be used as a guard animal, usually
with a flock of sheep. Be aware that any llama and alpaca will defend
the territory it considers its own. Intrusion into the territory may
provoke a charge. This reaction can be very strong in an animal that is
guarding others. Llamas are especially antagonistic to dogs and are
naturally defensive towards wild canines.
Llamas and alpacas show distress with clucking noises, posturing and
strutting.
GOOD PRACTICES AROUND LLAMAS AND ALPACAS
Llamas that are accustomed to human contact will often stand still
when the handler places their arm(s) around the neck of the animal.
Do not restrict the vision of a llama or alpaca when attempting to
move it. If the animal cannot see, it will stop moving and probably go
to ground.
It is sometimes possible to move an individual animal by approaching
it when it’s lying down, interlocking your fingers behind its head and
sliding it along the ground. Some experienced handlers are able to
48 cause an animal to go to ground by blindfolding it and then sliding it
this way.
Llamas and alpacas give warning of their discomfort by spitting. Do
not disregard this warning. A spitting animal is planning to either
charge or run away.
Children should work with an experienced handler and be supervised
when working around llamas or alpacas.
PROTECTION FROM DISEASE
Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from llamas or
alpacas to people are:
.. acariasis
.. Q fever
.. ringworm
.. salmonella.
More detailed information on these diseases is provided in the
Glossary at the end of this guide.
49
OSTRICHES AND EMUS
TIPS ABOUT BEHAVIOUR
Ostriches, emus and other flightless birds (such as rheas) are also
called “ratites.” These birds all require specialized handling skills.
Their natural defences are their beaks, large sharp talons and powerful
wings. They can easily outrun a person.
Ostriches can be prone to panic and can shift from calm to agitated
very quickly. Be alert to anything that may change the environment
around these birds, because it’s easier to control their surroundings
than it is to manage a group of agitated large birds.
The safest place for a handler is to the side of one of these birds, so
the approach must not cause alarm. Facing an ostrich head-on makes
you vulnerable to a kick.
These birds are curious and can often be enticed by their curiosity to
move. However, use bait as a lure only with a lone bird -- never if
birds are in a group.
Ostriches and emus sit at night to sleep. They are calmer in the dark,
so you can take advantage of this to approach them while they are
sitting.
GOOD PRACTICES AROUND OSTRICHES AND EMUS
Experienced handlers use a number of specialized tools, including
boards, hooks (shepherd’s crooks) and restrainers like brooms.
Because of the risk of injury to the birds or people, handling
techniques must be learned from someone more experienced.
Birds that have become accustomed to human contact are much easier
to work with, so young birds should be handled gently.
When trying to catch an adult bird, try to have a quieter bird between
you and the one you are hoping to catch, as you approach. This will
prevent an alarm reaction.
To catch a bird, take the top of its neck and slowly lower the head
close to the ground, or catch its head. Place a hood over the eyes and
50 neck and lower the head toward the ground. The bird can be carefully
led with a bag on its head. Moving the bird can be easier with the bird
unable to see and may allow you to lead it without incident. Be aware,
though, that the bird may try to run blindly and without thought,
hitting objects, other animals or the handler. These heavy birds can
cause injury through this type of panicked movement.
Try to walk the bird with three handlers, one holding each wing and
one pushing from behind.
Birds that can be approached and are quiet, can have a rope placed
around the chest to slow down flight. Use extreme caution in this and
always be prepared to let go of the rope if the bird starts coming
directly towards you. If the bird is accustomed to being handled, it
may be possible for one experienced person to rope and then move it,
by pushing gently from the back of the bird and steering it.
If the birds must be moved in a group or herd, use an established
object like a fence or a wall to help guide them.
GOOD DESIGN OFWORKING AREAS
Ostriches require very good fencing, as they can slip through or go
over strung-wire stock fences. Use page fencing and make sure it is
well above the height of the birds’ chests.
PROTECTION FROM DISEASE
The key zoonotic disease that can be transmitted from ostriches and
emus to people is salmonella.
More detailed information on this disease is provided in the Glossary
at the end of this guide.
51
FARM DOGS AND CATS
Farm dogs and cats have been known to cause serious injury (and
subsequent infections) to both adults and children.
The Canadian Agricultural Injury Surveillance Program notes 39
injuries from dogs on farms that led to hospital visits between 1990
and 2000. A further 16 hospital visits were caused by cats on farms.
Many of those injured by farm dogs or cats have been children.
All children who interact with dogs must be taught some basic ground
rules:
.. Let a dog approach you, don’t rush at a dog. Let it sniff you.
.. Don’t tease, pull, poke or tickle a dog.
.. Don’t bait or grab at a dog’s food or toys (even in make-believe).
.. Rough-housing can be interpreted by dogs as an invitation to bite.
.. Never turn your back and run from a dog. Running can be
interpreted by dogs as a prey reaction and can provoke a chase or
even an attack.
.. Never try to intervene in a fight between dogs.
Everyone on your farm, even visitors, must understand that farm dogs
and farm cats are usually not house pets and have not been socialized
to react affectionately to humans.
Farm dogs are typically territorial and will want to protect their area –
initially by barking and sometimes by biting or all-out attack. You
may have dogs that are specially trained to herd or guard livestock,
and farm visitors (especially children) will not understand this unless
it’s clearly explained to them.
Barn or stable cats lead a semi-wild predatory existence, hunting for
mice and rats. They do not usually seek human affection or respond
well to being chased, picked up or being held or played with. A
scratch or bite from a struggling barn cat can cause any of a number
of serious infections in people.
52 PROTECTION FROM DISEASE
Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from farm dogs
to people are:
.. acariasis
.. campylobacter
.. capnocytophaga
.. dipylidium canis
.. dirofilariasis
.. echinococcosis
.. giardia
.. leptospirosis
.. pasteurellosis
.. rabies
.. ringworm
.. salmonella
.. scabies
Some of the zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted from farm cats
to people are:
.. acariasis
.. bartonella
.. capnocytophaga
.. dirofilariasis
.. pasteurellosis
.. rabies
.. ringworm
.. salmonella
.. toxoplasmosis
More detailed information on these diseases is provided in the
Glossary at the end of this guide. For more specific local information
on diseases of dogs or cats, consult your veterinarian.
53
APPENDIX – RESOURCES AND CONTACTS
OTHER RESOURCES
The Provincial Farm Safety Co-ordinator
801 – 401 York Avenue
Winnipeg, MB R3C 0P8
1 800 282-8069 ext. 2315
Fax: 204-945-6134
E-mail: safefarms@gov.mb.ca
Website: manitoba.ca /agriculture/farmsafety
The Workplace Safety and Health Division
200 – 401 York Avenue
Winnipeg, MB R3C 0P8
1 800 282-8069 ext. 3446
E-mail: wshcompl@gov.mb.ca
Website: www.safework.com
Canadian Agricultural Injury Surveillance Program:
Website: www.caisp.ca
Canadian Food Inspection Agency:
204 789-2001
Website on Animal Disease Control:
www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/disemalae.shtml
Reportable Diseases, Immediately Notifiable and Annually
Notifiable Diseases (booklet):
www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemala/guidee.pdf
54 North American Guidelines on Children’s Agricultural Tasks
(NAGCAT):
Website: www.nagcat.org
Animal Health Care (Canadian Veterinary Medical Association):
Website: www.animalhealthcare.ca/
Dogs and Kids:
Website: www.dogsandkids.ca
Dr. Temple Grandin, animal handling specialist:
Website: www.grandin.com
Jennifer Woods, livestock handling specialist:
Website: homepage.mac.com/livestockhandling/
Cherry Hill, writer and educator on horse handling:
Website: www.horsekeeping.com
55
GLOSSARY OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES
Based on the most recent information, these are the diseases known to
be present or possible in farm animals at this time.
Anthrax. A rare but potentially very serious illness, caused by
inhalation, or skin or oral contact with bacteria. Farm animals that
may transmit anthrax to humans: cattle, sheep, goats, horses.
Acariasis. A mite infestation that causes mange in animals. Acariasis
is transmitted to humans by direct contact, causing itchy irritated skin.
Farm animals that may transmit acariasis to humans: hogs, cattle,
bison, sheep, goats, horses, llamas and alpacas, deer and elk, rabbits,
dogs, cats.
Bartonella. Also called cat scratch fever, this bacterial infection is
transmitted from cats to humans through cuts, scratches, or animal
licks, and causes serious internal infection.
Borellia. See Lyme disease.
Brucellosis. A bacterial disease rarely found in domestic animals, but
sometimes locally common in wild populations of bison, deer, and
elk; transmitted by direct or oral contact, causing fever and internal
infection in humans.
Campylobacter. A gastro-intestinal illness, caused by oral contact
with micro-organisms in feces. Farm animals that may transmit
campylobacter to humans: poultry, hogs, cattle, dogs.
Capnocytophaga. Bacteria that occur naturally in dogs’ and cats’
mouths, and can be transmitted to humans via broken skin from
scratches or cuts, causing fever and then serious illness.
Coxiella. See Q fever.
Cryptosporidiosis. A gastro-intestinal illness, caused by oral contact
with micro-organisms in feces. Farm animals that may transmit
cryptosporidiosis to humans: cattle, particularly calves.
56 Dipylidium canis. A parasitic tapeworm in dogs, transmitted to
humans by oral contact with micro-organisms in feces, causing
gastro-intestinal illness.
Dirofilariasis. A parasitic disease of dogs and cats, transmitted to
humans by bites from infected mosquitoes, causing coughing, fever,
and sometimes lung damage.
Echinococcosis. A parasitic tapeworm in dogs, transmitted to humans
by oral contact with micro-organisms in feces, causing damage to
internal organs.
Escherichia coli (often called E. coli or coliform bacteria). A
gastro-intestinal illness, caused by oral contact with micro-organisms
in feces, which can be life-threatening in some people. Farm animals
that may transmit E. coli to humans: cattle.
Erysipelas. A widespread bacterial infection in hogs that can cause
skin sores in humans or can progress to blood or heart infection.
Giardia. A gastro-intestinal illness, caused by oral contact with
micro-organisms in feces. Farm animals that may transmit giardia to
humans: dogs.
Influenza Type A. A large group of viral flu variants including swine
flu and avian flu, transmitted by close contact with infected animals.
Farm animals that may transmit Type A influenza to humans: poultry,
hogs.
Leptospirosis. A potentially severe illness, caused by direct contact
of bacteria-infected urine with broken skin, mucous membranes, or
the mouth. Farm animals that may transmit leptospirosis to humans:
hogs, cattle, bison, sheep, goats, horses, deer and elk, dogs.
Listeriosis. A gastro-intestinal illness, caused by oral contact with
micro-organisms in feces; can lead to serious infection, and in
pregnant women, to infection and damage to the developing fetus.
Farm animals that may transmit listeriosis to humans: hogs, cattle,
bison, sheep, goats, horses, deer and elk.
Lyme disease. Caused by Borellia bacteria, and transmitted from
animals to humans by tick bites, leading to a rash and later fever and
more serious neurological or heart damage in humans.
57
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis. A virus that can infect wild house
mice, but can spread to rabbits by bites or direct contact, and from
there to humans, causing brain inflammation; and in pregnant women,
to infection and damage to the developing fetus.
Milkers’ nodules. Skin sores on the hands or arms, transmitted by
direct contact with cattle infected with the parapoxvirus.
Orf. A common contagious viral disease of sheep and goats that can
be transmitted to humans by direct contact, causing skin sores.
Pasteurellosis. One of the widespread bacteria that cause infection of
bites and scratches and can lead to more serious infection if not
promptly treated. Farm animals that may transmit pasteurellosis to
humans: dogs, cats.
Psittacosis. A bacterial illness of poultry that can be transmitted to
humans by inhalation of infected dust from birds, feathers, or bedding
materials.
Q fever. A flu-like illness, transmitted to humans by inhaled contact
with coxiella, a type of bacteria. Farm animals that may transmit
Q Fever to humans: cattle, sheep, goats, llamas and alpacas, rabbits.
Rabies. A virus that in North America is usually limited to wild
animals but can affect dogs, cats, or other domestic animals, and can
then be transmitted to people through bites or direct contact, causing
progressively serious illness leading to death if not promptly treated.
Ringworm. Small, usually round, spreading, scaly patches on the
skin, caused by contact with infested bedding materials or dirt, or
direct contact with animals infected with the fungus even though the
animals themselves may not show symptoms. Farm animals that may
transmit ringworm to humans: hogs, cattle, bison, sheep, goats,
horses, llamas and alpacas, deer and elk, dogs, cats.
Salmonella. A gastro-intestinal illness, caused by oral contact with
bacteria. Farm animals that may transmit salmonella to humans:
poultry, hogs, cattle, bison, sheep, goats, horses, llamas and alpacas,
deer and elk, rabbits, dogs, cats, ostriches and emus.
Scabies. A parasitic mite infection, transmitted to humans by direct
contact with infested animals, causing itchy irritated skin. Farm
animals that may transmit scabies to humans: dogs.
58
Streptococcus. A bacterial infection that can be transmitted to people
who drink raw milk, or by oral contact after working with infected
hogs, cattle, or horses. Symptoms in humans include tissue
inflammation, pneumonia, and a range of others.
Toxoplasmosis. A common parasitic infection of cats, transmitted to
humans by contact with feces, causing fever; and in pregnant women,
to infection and damage to the developing fetus.
Tularemia. A common bacterial disease of wild rodents and rabbits,
which can also affect domestic rabbits and small pets, then spreading
to humans by tick or deerfly bites or by direct contact with infected
animals; causes a wide range of symptoms in humans that must be
treated promptly with antibiotics.
West Nile virus. An increasingly worrisome virus that affects horses
and wild birds, and can be transmitted to people by mosquito bites,
where it causes fever and a range of other symptoms.
Western equine encephalitis. A virus that primarily affects horses,
and can be transmitted to humans by mosquito bites, where it can then
cause brain infection.